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Nth Terms of Quadratic Sequences

Nth Terms of Quadratic Sequences

A quadratic sequence is given by `U_n=an^2+bn+c`, where `a, b text( and ) c` are constants, `n` is the term and `U_n` is the value of the term. Note that there is no higher power than `n^2` in a quadratic sequence.

The second difference of a quadratic sequence is a constant. Dividing the second difference by 2 gives the coefficient of the `x^2` term.

To work out the quadratic sequence:

work out the first and second differences;

obtain the `a` value by dividing the second difference by 2;

build a sequence using the `an^2` value of each term;

subtract this linear sequence from the original sequence;

work out the `bn + c` from the linear sequence;

add the `an^2` and `bn + c` terms.

Example 1

What is the `n`th term of the quadratic sequence given by 3, 12, 27, 48, 75, ...?

Work out the second differences for the first five terms:

Term 1 2 3 4 5 ...
Value 12 25 44 69 100 ...
1st Difference 13 19 25 31 ...
2nd Difference 6 6 6 ...

The second difference is 6; the multiple for `n^2` is 6 รท 2 = 3.

This gives a quadratic term of `3n^2`.

Subtract the value of `3n^2` from the original sequence:

Term 1 2 3 4 5 ...
Original 12 25 44 69 100 ...
3n2 3 12 27 48 75 ...
Original - 3n2 9 13 17 21 25 ...
Difference 4 4 4 4 ...

The difference is 4, to give `4n` as that part of the sequence.

Work out the value of the zero term: 9 - 4 = 5. Assemble the parts: `U_n = 3n^2 + 4n + 5`

Answer: `U_n=3n^2+4n+5`

Example 2

What is the second term of the sequence `U_n=n^2-n+1`?

Substitute for n with 10 in the sequence: `10^2 - 10 + 1 = 91`.

Answer: 91

See also Quadratic Progressions